Almost immediately, as British officials handed over, Hindus in India began attacking and killing Muslims, and in Pakistan, vice versa. The Partition of India is such a case, and while Hindu/Muslim sectarianism lies at the heart of the debate, there is also the question of whether the British washed their hands of India, and walked away knowing that genocide was inevitable. A boundary commission, sponsored by the British government, attempted to divide India along Hindu and Muslim lines. I actually asked r/askhistorian but they told me the YouTube channel was spreading white supremacy propaganda. The mechanics of the Holocaust are now so universally understood that nothing can be added here. cit. Another stream settled in the central areas of modern Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, and Zambia, initiating a complete population replacement of the native African Pygmies who previously inhabited the area. Partisans in France, Yugoslavia, the Eastern Front and the Philippines have much written about them. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. Here, conditions of physical abuse, disease, exhaustion, and starvation began to claim the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. Linguistic, archeological and genetic evidence indicates that during the course of the Bantu expansion, "independent waves of migration of western African and East African Bantu-speakers into southern Africa occurred. In its simplest terms, the Herero, a Bantu people, in one of many internecine conflicts, required German protection and did not get it. In this campaign, the mighty Zulu nation made one last, desperate effort to throw off the colonial yoke. Get your weekly fill of History Articles and Quizzes. Some 6.5 million of those were Muslims migrating from India to Pakistan, and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India. The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies. Their two-metre-long assegais were no match for the Zulus' iKlwa, and they died in their hundreds. The early stages of migration were slow. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. [35] Such processes of state-formation occurred with increasing frequency from the 16th century onward. The German Empire claimed the colony in 1884, as part of what was known as the Scramble for Africa. A lot less easy to explain is the national derangement that gripped one half of Cambodia, causing it to react with such violence towards the other. For more than a century, historians have supported the idea of a 'Bantu Expansion' that, starting in West Africa several millennia ago, spread across the southern half of the continent. Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic), as a result of desertification of the Green Sahara in 7000 BC. Vitally important but lesser known were the Abyssinians (Ethiopians) fighting to eject the Italians from their country. The Hutu are almost similar to the Tutsi who are also an ethnic majority in Rwanda. Summary. He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. 24 Theal, G. M., Records of South-East Africa (Capetown, 18981903), vols. the bantu empire - two millenia of black supremacy, conquest, genocide, rape, war & colonisation! Why the Jews were targeted in particular conforms to an age-old strategy of isolating a conspicuously wealthy subculture, and placing upon it the blame for every ailment and every woe afflicting an ethnically dominant population. A few still live by foraging often supplemented by working for neighbouring farmers in the arid regions around the Kalahari desert, while a larger number of Nama continue their traditional subsistence by raising livestock in Namibia and adjacent South Africa. In March 1970, the military in Cambodia ended the traditional rule of Prince Sihanouk. Archaeological, linguistic, genetic, and environmental evidence all support the conclusion that the Bantu expansion was a significant human migration. It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. I understand if you do not want to answer this question especially since this video is white supremacy propaganda. Irish Famine Memorial, Dublin Source: diktuo.org. Personal communication from Mr Fagg. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. . From anti-Semitic pogroms to attacks against the Cossack minority, and numerous deportations and mass imprisonments, the history of the Soviet Union is replete with genocide. Professor of international law at the University of Illinois College of Law, Francis A. Boyle, argues that these actions, according to sections (a), (b), and (c) of Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, constitute genocide. It was of limited practical use to them, bearing in mind that it almost entirely comprised desert, but it was essential in the cut and thrust of competition, in particular with the British, in the race for European global expansion. [28] Where Bantu was adopted via language shift of existing populations, prior African languages were spoken, probably from African language families that are now lost, except as substrate influences of local Bantu languages (such as click sounds in local Bantu languages). Accompanying charcoal carbon-dated to 266 s.c. 120. fall into the classification of genocide. How do you study history? Notable early kingdoms include the Kingdom of the Kongo in present day Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom in the Great Lakes region, the Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c.1075c.1220) in present day South Africa, and the Zambezi River, where the Monomatapa kings built the Great Zimbabwe complex. It is for chronological data concerning the second and third stages that we can now turn hopefully to archaeology. On the western extremities of the southern African subcontinent lies the nation of Namibia, known until independence as South West Africa, and prior to that as German South West Africa. Some historians have referred to the expansion not as migration, but a process of colonization. In 2004, Somali Bantus from this group began arriving for permanent resettlement in the U.S. Acts of genocide are normally committed by state agents, for example by soldiers in the employ of the national military or by militias who have the support of those who hold state power. The German government has in recent years heard demands for compensation and recognition of the victims, and the legacy of this event remains a strain on relations between the two nations. About 3500 years ago, an event began that changed the demographic, linguistic, and cultural makeup of the African continent forever. These two widely held beliefs are critically assessed here. If it was not Continue Reading 26 18 Matt Jennings It was only by the spurious acquisition and manipulation of treaties with native kings and rulers that most European powers took the title of Africa. The Bantu Expansion stands for the concurrent dispersal of Bantu languages and Bantu-speaking people from an ancestral homeland situated in the Grassfields region in the borderland between current-day Nigeria and Cameroon. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. They likely resulted from denser population, which led to more specialised divisions of labour, including military power, while making outmigration more effortful. A tell tale sign or mere speculations doesn't equate to proof. Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. This was to ensure that all food produced in Ireland remained in Ireland, guaranteeing that everyone had enough to eat, even during the leanest times. It is connected with complex population movements starting north of Central Africa and led to the progressive colonisation of a vast area further south. Factors that support claims of genocide include the confiscation not just of grain crops, that were needed to feed a growing industrial army, but also the confiscation of all foodstuffs, including livestock and domestic animals. Beginning around 1500BCE, members of the proto-Bantu language group migrated eastward and southward from West Africa, crossing vast swathes of the continent over hundreds of years. [35] Other pioneering groups had reached modern KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa by AD 300 along the coast, and the modern Limpopo Province (formerly Northern Transvaal) by AD 500. The first waves consisted of Southern Cushitic speakers, who settled around Lake Turkana and parts of Tanzania beginning around 5,000 years ago. The German government has in recent years heard demands for compensation and recognition of the victims, and the legacy of this event remains a strain on relations between the two nations. Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. The dissolute prince of a minor tribe, playing fast and loose, raped and impregnated the daughter of a neighboring tribal chieftain. Needless to say, the matter is most keenly felt in the Ukraine, and on 13 January 2010, a Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, among numerous other Soviet officials of the period, posthumously guilty of genocide. In this campaign, the mighty Zulu nation made one last, desperate effort to throw off the colonial yoke. The regime was toppled in January 1979, and Pol Pot died in April 1998, on the eve of his being handed over to international justice. The BenueCongo branch includes the Bantu languages, which are found throughout Central, Southern, and Eastern Africa. WWII, however, reconfigured the imperial landscape, and by then, India was demanding independence, and the British were more than willing to give it to them. The question is rather whether Muslim nationalists were to blame for demanding a two-state solution, whether Hindu nationalists were to blame for allowing it, or whether the British were to blame for leaving India knowing that genocide was inevitable. It remains a livid international issue, however, and one upon which Turkeys entry into the European Union has traditionally been hinged. Bantu people were in far greater numbers and pretty much absorbed most of these groups. The linguistic core of the Bantu languages, which comprise a branch of the Atlantic-Congo language family, was located in the southern regions of Cameroon. The economic suffering of the German people that followed, and the rise of nationalism that this set in motion, created ideal circumstances for a merchant and banking class to attract the attention of a disposed population. They subsequently rebelled, attracting a violent response from the Germans. Agricultural Bantu peoples have settled a number of ecotones next to an area that has game but will not support agriculture, such as the edges of the rainforest, open swamp, and desert. Herding practices reached the far south several centuries before Bantu-speaking migrants did. Also Read: Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. The causes of the 1932-33 famine can be attributed to nothing more complicated than state interference in production. Same reason we don't call the Indo European migrations a genocide. Currently, only the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the USA and Hungary accept that the events of the Holodomor conform to the legal definition of genocide. Genocide obviously never sits well on the national conscience of any country, and so the finer points of definition are usually argued exhaustively. The large-scale expansion of fairly recent language families is one of the reasons for this comparatively low diversity. 32 Photographs of Porajmos, the World War II Romani Gypsy Genocide, Heartbreaking Images of the Rwandan Genocide, Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. Early critics argued this phenomenon was a result of language spread rather than the migration of Bantu-speaking people, but genetic evidence has proved otherwise. That child, a boy, was given the name Shaka, a pejorative reference to an intestinal parasite. By about 1200 CE, "Bantu-ness" was a cultural and technological network across the vast trunk of Africa. Before the expansion of Bantu-speaking farmers, Central, Southern, and Southeast Africa was populated by Pygmy foragers, Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers, Nilo-Saharan-speaking herders, and Cushitic-speaking pastoralists. Has data issue: true However, attempts to trace the exact route of the expansion, to correlate it with archaeological evidence and genetic evidence, have not been conclusive; thus although the expansion is widely accepted as having taken place, many aspects of it remain in doubt or are highly contested. From anti-Semitic pogroms to attacks against the Cossack minority, and numerous deportations and mass imprisonments, the history of the Soviet Union is replete with genocide. Further east, Bantu-speaking communities had reached the great Central African rainforest, and by 500BC, pioneering groups had emerged into the savannas to the south, in what are now the Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, and Zambia. Our Bantu speaking ancestors also . What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. Required fields are marked *. Your email address will not be published. Check your inbox or spam folder to confirm your subscription. Nonetheless, in the unfathomable complexity of the Anglo-Irish relationship, there are no small number of historians who point the finger at the British government, not so much for acts of commission, but acts of omission. Needless to say, the matter is most keenly felt in the Ukraine, and on 13 January 2010, a Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, among numerous other Soviet officials of the period, posthumously guilty of genocide. The Bantu people brought iron-smelting technology and subsistence farming to areas previously dominated by hunter-gatherers or early pastoralists. Starving Herero Tribesmen Source: Wikimedia. The result was death and mayhem on truly epic proportions. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. The departure of the British would naturally bring about democratic rule, and in a society where Hindus vastly outnumbered Muslims, universal suffrage meant Muslim marginalization. The definition of genocide is fluid enough for it to be very easily claimed, and no less easily rejected. In 1966, Roland Oliver published an article presenting these correlations as a reasonable hypothesis.[17]. This was an Iron Age Colonization; therefore it Cannot have been earlier in time than the spread of the Iron Age in Indonesia around the first century A.D. Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840. The indigenous population of the territory comprised dispersed agricultural and pastoral communities belonging to the two major indigenous population groups in southern Africa. The result was the decimation of the interior population of South Africa, and the ruination of the social and productive landscape. For example, in a number of languages the infinitival is the auxiliary designating the future. This resulted in an attempt to systematically eliminate the large Christian Armenian minority. The Israeli historian and scholar Yehuda Bauer, in probably the most frequent declaration on why it happened, proclaimed that the Holocaust was rooted in an illusionary world of Nazi imagination, where an international Jewish conspiracy to control the world was opposed to a parallel Aryan quest. The Bantu first originated around the Benue-Cross rivers area in southeastern Nigeria and spread over Africa to the Zambia area. Yeah, Bantu expanded around 1500 years or so and did a little genociding of the Khoisans and pygmies in the area. The dominance of Bantu-speaking people is evident in their movement and control over the areas they encountered. The problem lay in a historical predominance of Muslims within the Indian political process. Before the Bantu expansion, Khoisan-speaking peoples inhabited Southern Africa. Yet there's no evidence for both migrations. By that logic, you have to say that the Anglo-Saxon migration into Britain (Which took place in 6th century CE, about 2 centuries after the Bantu made it to what is now South Africa) was a genocide as most of the Y-DNA of the English is Anglo-Saxon not Celtic or pre-Celtic. Yet, was it all bloodshed and oppression? The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. The Bantu expansion is a hypothesis about the history of the major series of migrations of the original Proto-Bantu-speaking group,[3][4] which spread from an original nucleus around Central Africa across much of sub-Saharan Africa. 18091. They are the shortest group of Pygmies in Africa, averaging under 4 feet 6 inches (137 cm) in height, and are perhaps the most famous. It must be remembered that the rise of Nazi Germany can be attributed to the terms of the peace imposed on imperial Germany in the aftermath of WWI. As heirs to the old Mughal Empire, traditional Muslim leaders enjoyed an influence not particularly congruent with their numbers. The rough chronology established on genealogical evidence has recently been confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Bigo, the earliest site identifiable in the dynastic tradition of the region.Google Scholar, 28 Verhulpen, E., Baluba et Balubaiss (Antwerp, 1939).Google Scholar, 29 Nenquin, J., Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, Journal of African History, IV (1963), 1932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 30 Clark, J. Desmond, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa, Journal of African History, III (1962), 222;Google ScholarFagan, B., Southern Africa, 4851.Google Scholar, 31 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 18091.Google Scholar. The result of this was an extraordinarily cohesive and violent nation, glorifying in bloodshed, and celebrating with utter fanaticism the personality cult of their leader. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. The debate has never been so much the classification of the event as genocide, although that is, of course, debatable. for this article. Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. There is strength in numbers and our Bantu speaking ancestors always had large families consistent with our pro-natalist mindset. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Millions? Two major events in the recent paleoenvironmental history of Central Africa might have influenced the route of the Bantu expansion (10-18).The first was a contraction at 4,000 B.P. Granted, there was defo some conflict between the Bantu and Hunter-Gatherers (as well Nilotic and Cushitic pastoralists) but that doesn't mean there was a genocide. The story begins with a popular African tale. However, I've been told by numerous South Africans that the Khoisan have peacefully lived by Nguni peoples for thousands of years and that it is a division tactic. This movement sought not only to replace the traditional leadership of the empire with the constitutional government but also to expand and solidify Muslim Turkish control of central and eastern Anatolia. Rape and slavery was common practice among the Bantu colonists. The raw facts of the Irish Famine are quite simple. Researchers have found ways to trace the movement of Bantu-speaking peoples that began possibly as early as 2000 BCE. These are huge areas. https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6/tables/3. Like hes a supposedly a historian but I see no mention of him going to a university. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. Bantu Expansion isnt real. Why the Jews were targeted in particular conforms to an age-old strategy of isolating a conspicuously wealthy subculture, and placing upon it the blame for every ailment and every woe afflicting an ethnically dominant population. It was caused by the failure of the potato crop, thanks to a mold-related blight, which affected a rural population heavily dependent on potatoes as a staple food source. The mechanics of the Holocaust are now so universally understood that nothing can be added here. To date, Turkey remains in denial, and the word genocide is excluded from the official description of what took place. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. cit. These migrants changed population demographics, spread farming across sub-equatorial Africa, introduced iron technology, and built powerful states that continue to influence the African continent today. The Allies, as a tactic of war, exploited traditional tensions within Ottoman territories to weaken the Empire. The two tribes share a common ancestry or origin. Such groups as Slavs, blacks, Roma, various Soviets, prisoners of war of different shades, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses and political opponents were all treated much the same. What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. Unfortunately, it is also greatly understudied and often unknown to history enthusiasts. Render date: 2023-03-04T14:32:22.407Z Possibly caused by population growth, or by conflict, a migration set off in two streams one East across central Africa, and the other South following the Congo river system. Postulated millennia-long series of migrations. It is a relatively well-known story, or at least one that African history . Here, conditions of physical abuse, disease, exhaustion, and starvation began to claim the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. 285.Google Scholar, 16 Mathew, Gervase, The East African coast until the coming of the Portuguese, in Oliver, R. and Mathew, G., History of East Africa I (Oxford, 1963), 96.Google Scholar, 17 This was an Iron Age Colonization; therefore it Cannot have been earlier in time than the spread of the Iron Age in Indonesia around the first century A.D.Google Scholar, 18 Freeman-Grenville, G. S. P., The East African Coast (1962), 15, etc.Google Scholar, 19 Guthrie, Malcolm, loc. They subsequently rebelled, attracting a violent response from the Germans. Between 1904 and 1907, up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed, many in concentration camps, dying of disease and starvation. As the genocide progressed, survival was determined simply by an individuals ability to do work on the collective farms. This began its extreme animus towards the west, a sentiment reinforced by the overspill of the Vietnam War. Archaeological findings have shown that by 100 BC to 300 AD, Bantu speaking communities were present at the coastal areas of Misasa in Tanzania and Kwale in Kenya. The first 500 years were spent moving a few hundred kilometers through the dense West Central African rainforest. Muslim nationalists then began demanding a two-state solution, which neither the British nor nationalists like Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi particularly wanted. Published online by Cambridge University Press: The southward Bantu occupation of sub-Saharan Africa (south of the Sahara), started some 2,000 years ago, with the introduction of crop farming and iron age technology from Nubia which made expansion, weaponry, conquest and supremacy possible. The Israeli historian and scholar Yehuda Bauer, in probably the most frequent declaration on why it happened, proclaimed that the Holocaust was rooted in an illusionary world of Nazi imagination, where an international Jewish conspiracy to control the world was opposed to a parallel Aryan quest.
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