orangutan pregnant with human

In 1817, an orangutan joined several other animals in London's Exeter Exchange. [23]:91 The most common orangutan parasites are nematodes of the genus Strongyloides and the ciliate Balantidium coli. A zoo keeper at Indonesias Surabaya zoo has been arrested and charged with sexual assault on a number of animals, including impregnating a female orangutan, reports the Kalimantan Press. The adorable moment a zookeeper introduced her new baby to the orangutans at Kansas City Zoo has been captured on film. Its founder, psychologist and primatologist Robert Yerkes, was a divisive figure in the scientific community, given his stated support for eugenics research, but he was also fascinated by animal behaviour, especially that of primates. Melur's pregnancy to male Charlie follows a breeding recommendation from the European Association of Zoos & Aquaria's breeding and advocacy programme . [18]:60 Explorers in Borneo hunted them extensively during the 19th century. For orangutans under human care, nests can still be found in the highest spots in their exhibits, but can also be found on the ground. A performing chimp called Oliver brought to the US from Africa was once suspected (or at least marketed) to be some kind of 'missing link' humanzee hybrid, given his reported human-like appearance, ability to walk upright, and preference for companionship with humans. [38][18]:100, Unflanged males wander widely in search of oestrous females and upon finding one, will force copulation on her, the occurrence of which is unusually high among mammals. Infants make soft hoots when distressed. Orangutans are not as powerfully built as the gorilla but are larger than the chimpanzee. The orangutan is the third non-human primate to have its genome sequenced, after the chimp and rhesus macaque. Map data provided by IUCN. [51] Flanged males are hostile to both other flanged males and unflanged males, while unflanged males are more peaceful towards each other. The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes. [37] The throat pouches act as resonance chambers for making long calls. Well, it was worth a shot. As Science magazine reports, When wild orangutans spot a predator, they let out a loud kiss-squeak, a call that sounds like a human smooching. Consenting to these technologies will allow us and our partners to process personal data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. [43], Most of the day is spent feeding, resting, and travelling. An orangutan named Sandra, at the center of a landmark ruling in Argentina that said she is a "non-human person" entitled to some of the same rights as humans, is making her way to a Florida . This suggests that laughter derived from a common origin among primate species and therefore evolved before the origin of humans. 3.3 - 4.6 feet. [23]:92 Orangutans occasionally enter grasslands, cultivated fields, gardens, young secondary forest, and shallow lakes. The orangutans are the only surviving species of the subfamily Ponginae, which diverged genetically from the other hominids (gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans) between 19.3 and 15.7 million years ago. [6]:10809, Thomas Love Peacock's 1817 novel Melincourt features Sir Oran Haut Ton, an orangutan who lives among English people and becomes a candidate for Member of Parliament. And late last year, German and Japanese scientists also spliced human cells into monkey brains in an expert similar to hit movie series the Planet of the Apes. Inside our mouths, we've both got flat molars that are covered with a thick layer. Orangutans have the slowest known life histories of any mammal. Human activities have caused severe declines in populations and ranges. From 1996, they were divided into two species: the Bornean orangutan (P. pygmaeus, with three subspecies) and the Sumatran orangutan (P. abelii). It is only when we placed several hidden cameras that we learned the horrible truth he admits, visibly angered by the whole situation. Amy, the zookeeper, brought in her baby to the zoo to meet the orangutans. A pregnancy test taken on August 13th. A simple "kiss" from an orangutan left a pregnant woman smiling through tears after a tender encounter at her local zoo. Experiments suggest they can track the displacement of objects both visible and hidden. 1- Are orangutans friendly? If [] DENVER - Denver Zoo's Sumatran orangutan Nias is pregnant with her second baby, the zoo announced Thursday. Now, researchers report having heard orangutans making this call long after predators have passedthe first evidence that primates other than humans can talk about the past. Orangutans are only one of the animals that you didnt know could talk. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. But since these other animals are all social, and orangutans are largely solitary creatures, the ability takes on special poignancy and scientific relevance, especially when considered in conjunction with the fact that orangutans can also recognize faces they last saw long ago, according to a research paper in PLoS One. One of those traits: Humans and orangutans actually have a hairline, in contrast to virtually all primates, Jeffrey Schwartz, co-author of a paper on the connections between us, told National Geographic. We both have hair that comes down to the top of the eyes., Orangutans share at least 28 physical traits with humans; thats 26 more than chimpsand 21 more than gorillas. [133], Other major conservation centres in Indonesia include those at Tanjung Puting National Park, Sebangau National Park, Gunung Palung National Park and Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park in Borneo and the Gunung Leuser National Park and Bukit Lawang in Sumatra. [63] Homosexual behaviour has been recorded in the context of both affiliative and aggressive interactions. The story reemerged on various African websites in July 2019, reproducing many of the same details including the names of the officials cited in the World News Daily Report version and, in many cases, the same composite photo of a man and an orangutan. [24]:Fig. [34] Tapanuli orangutans resemble Sumatran orangutans more than Bornean orangutans in body build and hair colour. "One of the most interesting cases involved an attempt which was made back in the 1920s in what was the first primate research centre established in the US in Orange Park, Florida," Gallup told The Sun. The rare primate was being held captive in a remote village in Kapuas Hulu, on the island of Kalimantan in Indonesian Borneo. [38] These calls have three components; they begin with grumbles, peak with pulses and end with bubbles. [118] The Sumatran orangutan is found only in the northern part of Sumatra, most of the population inhabiting the Leuser Ecosystem. When the woman pressed her belly against the glass, a male orangutan immediately took notice. The news report claimed that a 38-year-old Surabaya zookeeper was caught and convicted of committing sexual assault against animals and impregnated an orangutan. Copyright AFP 2017-2023. But in the matter of days, or a few weeks, they began to consider the moral and ethical considerations and the infant was euthanised.. Orangutans are typically portrayed as bureaucrats like Dr. Zaius, the science minister. Maintaining a genetically diverse population in human care is important because Sumatran orangutans have been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of . . Habitats. [77] Mirror tests with a 2-year-old orangutan failed to reveal self-recognition. TORONTO The Toronto Zoo says one of its critically endangered orangutans is pregnant _ the first such pregnancy at the zoo in 15 years. Ive also coined what would be the appropriate terms to refer to human-gorilla hybrids and human-orangutan hybrids which would be a hurilla and a 'hurang'.. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions. The births will be the first for Menari. "I said there is a persistent rumour it happened. [2][4], The word orangutan appears in its older form urangutan, in a variety of premodern sources in the Old Javanese language. Hopefully, a biologist will answer and explain more about how the genetic barriers to cross-species breeding work. For other uses, see, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 07:07, communicate about things that are not present, "The Word 'Orangutan': Old Malay Origin or European Concoction", "Morphometric, Behavioral, and Genomic Evidence for a New Orangutan Species", "Comparative and demographic analysis of orang-utan genomes", "Unresolved molecular phylogenies of gibbons and siamangs (Family: Hylobatidae) based on mitochondrial, Y-linked, and X-linked loci indicate a rapid Miocene radiation or sudden vicariance event", "New Species of Orangutan Is Rarest Great Ape on Earth", "First record of the Miocene hominoid Sivapithecus from Kutch, Gujarat state, western India", "Male bimaturism and reproductive success in Sumatran orangutans", "Dimensions of forelimb muscles in orangutans and chimpanzees", "Newly discovered orangutan species is also the most endangered", Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 10.1002/1520-6505(2000)9:5<201::AID-EVAN2>3.0.CO;2-Y, "Orangutan information broadcast via consonant-like and vowel-like calls breaches mathematical models of linguistic evolution", "Female reproductive strategies in orangutans, evidence for female choice and counterstrategies to infanticide in a species with frequent sexual coercion", "First Sighting of Bornean Orangutan Twins in the Wild", "Why male orangutans do not kill infants", "Cyclical nursing patterns in wild orangutans", "Speech-Like Rhythm in a Voiced and Voiceless Orangutan Call", "Do some taxa have better domain-general cognition than others? [55] Social grooming is uncommon among orangutans. Copyright AFP 2017-2023. Menari, the zoo's 12-year-old female Sumatran orangutan, is expecting twins whose father is Jambi, the zoo's male orangutan, the zoo announced Thursday. Though largely hairless, males' faces can develop some hair, giving them a beard. A prominent US scientist has claimed researchers in Florida succeeded in breeding a human-chimp hybrid called a 'humanzee' in controversial, long-rumoured 1920s research. Theres also no trace of an Indonesian news outlet named the Kalimantan Press, which was cited in the original hoax as the source of the story. We infer that the humanorangutan common ancestor had established a widespread distribution by at least 13 Ma [mega annum, or million years], Schwartz and Grehan wrote. Several conservation and rehabilitation organisations are dedicated to the survival of orangutans in the wild. Scientists have similarly investigated the theory that early humans may have mated with chimpanzees, but the evidence is inconclusive. The present range of Tapanuli orangutans is thought to be close to where ancestral orangutans first entered what is now Indonesia from mainland Asia. You can change your settings at any time, including withdrawing your consent, by using the toggles on the Cookie Policy, or by clicking on the manage consent button at the bottom of the screen. What all this communicating in orangutans means is both simple and profound: Orangutans exemplify how our ancestors probably communicated beyond the here-and-now about the past, and possibly the future, even before they had uttered their first word. [92][93] The scientists suggested these differences are cultural as they do not correlate with habitat. But what made us most suspicious was when we discovered Marylin, our oldest orangutan, was pregnant. [65] Gestation is around nine months long and infants are born at a weight of 1.52kg (3.34.4lb). [18]:50 Indopithecus, which lived in India from 9.2 to 8.6 mya; and Sivapithecus, which lived in India and Pakistan from 12.5mya until 8.5mya. Are Orangutans Primates Details of the top secret experiments come as a part-human, part monkey embryo was created by scientists in California with the hopes of using them to grow stem cells. Orangutans are also the world's largest. Men working in the nearby palm oil farm in Borneo would come into the bro [62][54][63] Non-ovulating females do not usually resist copulation with unflanged males, as the chance of conception is low. [80] Orangutans and other great apes show laughter-like vocalisations in response to physical contact such as wrestling, play chasing or tickling. Asked whether he would be in favour of a humanzee being brought into the world, Gallup replied: I think its a fascinating question and I think it would have profound psychological and biological implications. Gorilla and human genetic. [48], Orangutans also include leaves in their diet, which take up 25% of their average foraging time. They reach adolescence at six or seven years of age and are able to live alone but retain some connections with their mothers. When this pregnant woman stood in front of an orangutan enclosure at the Colchester Zoo in Essex, a 48-year-old male orangutan sweetly kissed her belly through the glass.#cute #aww #shorts Subscribe For More Videos: http://bit.ly/DailyPicksAndFlicksYTLike Us On Facebook: http://bit.ly/DailyPicksAndFlicksFBFollow Us On Twitter: http://bit.ly/DailyPicksAndFlicksTWHi and welcome to Daily Picks and Flicks viral videos, funny pictures and odd news blog. You can follow her on Twitter @LelaNargi. Orangutans are the most solitary of the great apes: social bonds occur primarily between mothers and their dependent offspring. These communicate goals such as "acquire object", "climb on me", "climb on you", "climb over", "move away", "play change: decrease intensity", "resume play" and "stop that". <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S>> She also writes about science for kids. [69] Typically, orangutans live over 30 years both in the wild and in captivity. Teeth of orangutans are known from Peninsular Malaysia that date to 60,000 years ago. Marilyn has been secluded for the past 10 years, it was a total mystery, he acknowledges. [44] They start the day feeding for two to three hours in the morning. Attempts both to inseminate women with monkey sperm and impregnate female chimpanzees with human sperm failed. Orangutans may eat soils for their anti-toxic kaolin minerals, since their diet contains toxic tannins and phenolic acids. [94], Wild orangutans in Tuanan, Borneo, were reported to use tools in acoustic communication. They have a large head, and males have large cheek flaps. Morgain Cole Abbott, 27, was at the Colchester Zoo in Essex, England, last . [21][22] Following humans and chimpanzees, the Sumatran orangutan became the third species of great ape to have its genome sequenced. [74] A 2008 study of two orangutans at the Leipzig Zoo showed orangutans may practice "calculated reciprocity", which involves an individual aiding another with the expectation of being paid back. [18]:50 The largest known primate, Gigantopithecus, was also a member of Ponginae and lived in China, from 2mya to 300,000years ago. According to National Geographic,they have greater asymmetries between the left and right side of the brain, an increased cartilage-to-bone ratio in the forearm, and similarly shaped shoulder blades.. [127] Less than 800 Tapanuli orangutan are estimated to still exist, which puts the species among the most endangered of the great apes. 3-11-2016 (Original - Final approved) Page 3 Plan: Pre- Partum Preparations (once pregnancy has been confirmed) Their body is covered with long reddish-brown hair. She is remembered for her meeting with Charles Darwin who compared her reactions to those of a human child. Menari was anesthetized . Chinese scientists also claim to have grown human-monkey hybrid embryos. 1 0 obj The report also said that the. We are no longer supporting IE (Internet Explorer) as we strive to provide site experiences for browsers that support new web standards and security practices. He reported that Malays had informed him the ape could talk, but preferred not to "lest he be compelled to labour". Animal Info Animal InfoBooks Animal Bytes Indonesia Zoo keeper impregnates female Orangutan A zoo keeper at Indonesia's Surabaya zoo has been arrested and charged with sexual assault on a number of animals, including impregnating a female orangutan, reports the Kalimantan Press. . The energetic demands of nursing a current infant either prevent ovulation and a subsequent pregnancy, or if a pregnancy occurs, then the result is loss of the embryo, fetus, or . They are fussy about their beds, which they build with leaves up to 100 feet high on a tree. The mother will carry the infant while travelling, suckle it and sleep with it. Perhaps the most humanlike behavior is the laughing by apes when they are being tickled, Frans de Waal, a primatologist at Emory University, told LiveScience. [138][139], This article is about the group of primates. [19], The Sumatran orangutan genome was sequenced in January 2011. In it, zoo chief Aschta Boestani confirmed the story was not true and added that the zoo had never had employees named Akhiroel Yahya or Abdul Hakim, both quoted in the false story. [54] They are often consortships between an adult male and a female. Evolutionary psychologist Gordon G. Gallup, Jr., who achieved renown for his pioneering mirror self-recognition experiments with animals in the 1970s, says a former university professor told him the hybrid creature was born at an animal research laboratory where he once worked. Learn about the ways WWF works to conserve a future where people live in harmony with nature. [38], Orangutan hands have four long fingers but a dramatically shorter opposable thumb for a strong grip on branches as they travel high in the trees. Keepers will supply larger quantities . [70], Construction of a night nest is done by following a sequence of steps. Captive female orangutans are exploited as prostitutes in Indonesia ( read a report on this topic ). In various occasions, MichaelJacksonwas named "King of Pop". It wasnt so long ago that humans believed we were the only species that taught each other things that related to our own specific experiences. The largest of these is the Borneo Orangutan Survival (BOS) Foundation, founded by conservationist Willie Smits and which operates projects such as the Nyaru Menteng Rehabilitation Program founded by conservationist Lone Drscher Nielsen. <> They are red-brown in color, generally with long hair. Animals also have feelings and they are extremely lovely.Link Video: https://youtu.be/GuT4Y_ONLHASee more : #WoaVideos #WoaFunny #WoaPets- WOA Funny Video: https://goo.gl/eWgWir- New Uploads: http://bit.ly/2L2IRls- Popular uploads: http://bit.ly/2L5xglR All Playlist : Amazing Life Funny Everyday Videos : http://bit.ly/2L3WOQdPlaylist 1 : http://bit.ly/2NBC4ktPlaylist 2 : http://bit.ly/2L2ChM0Playlist 3 : http://bit.ly/2NDmDs0 And List WOA Funny Channel :http://bit.ly/2L4gTpC About us :Welcome to Funny Everyday Channel ! Doing this increases the stability of the nest. [49][50] Interactions between adult females range from friendly to avoidance to antagonistic. [33][34][18]:1315, Orangutans have small ears and noses; the ears are unlobed. [59] Orangutan calls display consonant- and vowel-like components and they maintain their meaning over great distances. Pregnancy lasts around 114 days for chinchillas, and they can have litters of 1 to 6 little ones at a time. 3 0 obj [90] When building a nest, orangutans appear to able to determine which branches would better support their body weight. [132] In May 2017, the BOS rescued an albino orangutan from captivity. [23]:67, The social structure of the orangutan can be best described as solitary but social; they live a more solitary lifestyle than the other great apes. Renowned evolutionary psychologist Gordon Gallup coined the term "humanzee" which refers to a human-chimp crossbreed - a scientifically possible hybridisation which was attempted throughout the 20th century. About two-thirds the size of a gorilla, orangutans have a large and bulky body, a thick neck, short, bowed legs, and very long, strong arms. The 38-year-old zoo keeper was filmed in full action by a series of hidden cameras put in place by the zoos security officials after doubts emerged about the mans devious actions towards the zoo animals. [81] Orangutans can learn to mimic new sounds by purposely controlling the vibrations of their vocal folds, a trait that led to speech in humans. Click below to consent to the above or make granular choices. [6]:20 It was renamed Simia pygmaeus in 1760 by his student Christian Emmanuel Hopp and given the name Pongo by Lacpde in 1799. Population density also decreases at higher elevations. For the first time in 25 years, staff at the Smithsonian's National Zoo are making preparations for the highly anticipated birth of an endangered Bornean orangutan. [12][6]:2425 Battel's "Pongo", in turn, is from the Kongo word mpongi[13][14] or other cognates from the region: Lumbu pungu, Vili mpungu, or Yombi yimpungu. "Orangutan pregnancies can be detected just like human ones using an over-the-counter pregnancy test," the post read. In fact, nest-building allows young orangutans to become less dependent on their mother. They use leaves to amplify the kiss squeak sounds they produce. stream zSu(\=YGr6O\-(_B[B,E&oI} #49D1PR~. [W]e and orangutans are so similar that Knott can use standard drugstore test kits on urine from female orangutans to determine whether theyre pregnant, reported National Geographic. Even during times of scarcity, fruit is 16% of their feeding time. Here's why you should NOT call the IRS, Dr Hilary tells GMB hugs pose 'substantial risk' - as Indian variant doubles in a week, Could Boris Johnson SPEED UP the lockdown roadmap? As for the photos used in the false posts, a Google reverse image search showed that the picture of the orangutan was taken at the Taman Safari Park in the West Java area of Indonesia -- more than 800 kilometres from Surabaya, to the east of the island. The authors base their . "The way the orangutan reacted took my breath away she kept . Gallups term humanzee became well known in the 1970s after the emergence of a creature known as Oliver a bald chimp who walked on his hind legs. The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network. [66] Unlike many other primates, male orangutans do not seem to practice infanticide. The subject matter depicted or included via links within the Fact Checking content is provided to the extent necessary for correct understanding of the verification of the information concerned. Reported later experiments involving human females were thankfully cut short - due to the death of the intended male orangutan sperm donor. [79] Experiments have also suggested that orangutans can communicate about things that are not present: mother orangutans remain silent in the presence of a perceived threat but when it passes, the mother produces an alarm call to their offspring to teach them about the danger. [91], Primatologist Carel P. van Schaik and biological anthropologist Cheryl D. Knott further investigated tool use in different wild orangutan populations. [22] Similarly to gorillas and chimpanzees, orangutans have 48diploid chromosomes, in contrast to humans, which have 46. She's. Orangutan's are generally nonaggressive towards humans, however, they are considered to be five to seven times stronger than humans, India Times reported. In fact, orangutan populations in Borneo use handfuls of leaves as napkins to wipe their chins while orangutans in parts of Sumatra use leaves as gloves, helping them handle spiny fruits and branches, or as seat cushions in spiny trees., Social learning that gets passed down through multiple generations is a building block of culture, and the existence of culture in humans [was thought] to be one of the key factors that differentiates us from other animals, writes Olivia Solon in Wired UK. Orangutan pregnancies can be detected just like human ones, using an over-the-counter pregnancy test, and staff trained Sekali to pee in a cup, the zoo says. The zoo says it will be the first orangutan birth at its facility since 2006. A critically endangered Sumatran orangutan in New Orleans has given birth to a healthy male baby, but his twin brother died in the womb, officials at the Audubon Zoo said Monday. A 12-year-old Sumatran orangutan named Menari is pregnant for the first time, and she's expecting twins, thanks to a successful breeding match with the zoo's male orangutan Jambi. "He told me the rumour was true. [87] Orangutans have been observed to use sticks to poke at catfish with sticks, causing then to leap out of the water so ape can grab them. Female Orangutans are also similar to human females because they both do not show external signs of Estrus or Menstruation and . [2], The first printed attestation of the word for the apes is in Dutch physician Jacobus Bontius 1631 Historiae naturalis et medicae Indiae orientalis. [99], Orangutans were known to the native people of Sumatra and Borneo for millennia. Fruit is the most important component of an orangutan's diet; but they will also eat vegetation, bark, honey, insects and bird eggs. A 14-year-old . [122] Locals may also be motivated to kill orangutans for food or because of their perceived danger. [76] An adult orangutan has been documented to pass the mirror test, indicating self-awareness. "Orangutan pregnancies are slightly shorter than human ones. My grandfather became an orangutan," says hunter Kubi anak Mani. Population about 104,700 (Bornean), 13,846 (Sumatran), 800 (Tapanuli . Weight: 73 to 180 pounds. VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (WWBT) - There's going to be a new animal at the Virginia Zoo soon. Each day, we surf the web in an effort to find interesting, entertaining and unique videos, pictures and weird news stories. The idea of whether it would be possible for humans to produce offspring with other species has long interested scientists, not least as studies of DNA show evidence of interbreeding with Neanderthals, modern humans closest relatives who became extinct around 40,000 years ago. CHAINED to a wall and lying on a dirty mattress with a full face of make-up, Pony the orangutan waited for her next client. [72][73] Zoo Atlanta has a touch-screen computer on which their two Sumatran orangutans play games. Decades later, Chinese experiments in the 1960s explored the same territory, but again eventually failed. To provide the best experiences, we and our partners use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. This is a question that has been asked by many people, and the answer is yes, they can be. Summary: Scientists have decoded the DNA of a . CaShawnna Wright was visiting the Los Angeles Zoo when her tot dropped his bottle near the enclosure. He slowly made his way over to where the woman was standing . "Orangutan pregnancies can be detected just like human ones using an over-the-counter pregnancy test," the post read. But whether the cost would justify the benefit is the other question in this equation., 2020 THE SUN, US, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED | TERMS OF USE | PRIVACY | YOUR AD CHOICES | SITEMAP. [33][18]:14 The cheek pads are made mostly of fatty tissue and are supported by the musculature of the face. [52], Orangutans disperse and establish their home ranges by age 11. Orangutans are among the most intelligent primates. 4 By contrast, the 2011 genome study suggested that these two species diverged as recently as circa 400,000years ago. Contrary to popular belief, the orangutan species is much closer to the human species than chimpanzees. Some folk tales involve orangutans mating with and kidnapping humans. A HUMAN-chimpanzee hybrid was born in a Florida lab 100 years ago before being killed by panicked doctors, according to a scientist. You have been asked to use your knowledge of the interactions of human reproductive hormones to recommend injections to promote ovulation in a female orangutan when a visiting male arrives for a brief breeding visit. The orangutans are the only surviving species of the subfamily Ponginae, which diverged genetically from the other hominids ( gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans) between 19.3 and 15.7 million years ago. It is characterized by long red hair covering most of its body, long arms, and hooked hands and feet. [23]:65 Orangutans are thought to be the sole fruit disperser for some plant species including the vine species Strychnos ignatii which contains the toxic alkaloid strychnine. [46] Captive animals may suffer an upper respiratory tract disease. [67] There is evidence that females with offspring under six years old generally avoid adult males. These are carefully constructed; young orangutans learn from observing their mother's nest-building behaviour. Two nuns were walking to a friends house through the jungle when an orangutan jumps out and rapes them both. Recent findings suggest that orangutans can recall their history. Females prefer to mate with the fitter flanged males, forming pairs with them and benefiting from their protection.

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